LATIN TO ENGLISH GLOSSARY by Kenyon College a(d)sto, a(d)stare, astiti, ---- to stand near a, ab, abs from, away from, by abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditum to put away, remove, conceal abeo, abire, abii (-ivi), abitus to go away, depart abicio, abicere, abieci, abiectum to throw away absens, absentis absent, away absolvo, absolvere, absolvi absolutum to set free, discharge absum, abesse, afui, afuturus to be away, be absent abundo, abundare, abundavi, abundatum to overflow ac si as if ac and, also, even ac as, than accedo, accedere, accessi, accessus to go to, come to, approach accendo, accendere, accendi, accensum to set on fire accido, accidere, accidi, ---- to fall upon, happen, occur, befall accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus to receive, accept, take, hear accuso, accusare, accusavi, accusatum to make complaint acer, acris, acre sharp, keen, fierce, eager, severe, pointed, piercing acerbus, acerba, acerbum bitter, harsh, grievous acies, aciei (F) sharp edge, line of battle acutus, acuta, acutum sharp ad dextram to the right ad to, up to, near to, toward ad/ffor, ad/ffari, ad/ffatus sum to speak to, address addo, addere, addidi, additum to put to, add adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductum to lead to, bring about (+ut) adeo so, so much, so far adeo, adire, adii (-ivi), aditus to go to, approach, undertake adfero, adferre, attuli, allatus to bring to adhibeo, adhibere, adhibui, adhibitum to turn to, apply adhuc up to this point, still adicio, adicere, adieci, adiectum to put near, add adimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum to take away, snatch away adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum to reach, gain adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutus to help, aid, assist, please, support admiratio, admirationis (F) admiration admitto, amittere, admisi, admissus to admit, receive, let in adorior, adoriri, adortus sum to attack adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus to be present, help adulescens, adulescentis (M/F) young man, young woman adulescens, adulescentis young, youthful adulescentia, adulescentiae (F) youth, young manhood, youthfulness advenio, advenire, adveni, adventus to come to, arrive adventus, adventus (M) arrival adversum/adversus against adversus, adversa, adversum opposite, hostile, adverse adverto, advertere, adverti, adversum to turn to aedes, aedis (F) house, temple aedificium, aedificii (N) building, structure aeger, aegra, aegrum sick, unwell aeneus, aenea, aeneum made of metal aequo, aequare, aequavi, aequatum to make equal, make level, compare aequor, aequoris (N) an even surface, the smooth sea aequus, aequa, aequum level, even, calm, equal, just, favorable aer, aeris (N) the lower atmosphere, air, mist aes, aeris (N) metal, usually copper or bronze aestas, aestatis (F) summer aestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatus to estimate, reckon aestus, aestus (M) heaving motion, rage of fire, swell of the sea aetas, aetatis (F) time of life, age, life, time aeternus, aeterna, aeternum eternal aether, aetheris (M) (lit. space burning brightly), the upper air aetherius, aetheria, aetherium celestial aevum, aevi (N) eternity, age affero, afferre, attuli, allatum to bring to, inflict afficio, afficere, affeci, affectum to affect, exert influence on affligo, affligere, afflixi, afflictum to strike ager, agri (M) field, farm aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum to go to, approach agito, agitare, agitavi, agitatus to disturb, stir up agmen, agminis (N) train, army agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agni/otus to perceive, declare ago, agere, egi, actus to do, drive, discuss, spend time, conduct, lead agricola, agricolae (M) farmer ain?/aisne? you don't say?!, really? aio, ais, ait, aiunt to say, affirm ala, alae (F) wing albus, alba, album (chalky) white ales, alitis winged (subst: bird) alienus, aliena, alienum belonging to another, strange, out of place alii…alii some…others aliquando sometimes aliqui, aliqua, aliquod some, any aliquis, aliquid someone, something, anyone, anything aliter otherwise alius, -a, -ud other, another, different alius…alius one…another almus, alma, almum nourishing, bountiful, kind alo, alere, alui, al(i)tus to nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish alter, altera, alterum the other (of two) alternus, alterna, alternum alternate altum, alti (N) high heaven, deep sea altus, alta, altum high, tall, deep alumnus, alumni (M) nursling, pupil amabo te please amarus, amara, amarum bitter, sour ambiguus, ambigua, ambiguum tending in two directions, uncertain ambo, ambae, ambo both ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatus to walk amica, amicae (F) friend amicitia, amicitiae (F) friendship amicus, amica, amicum friendly amicus, amici (M) friend amitto, amittere, amisi, amissus to let go, lose, send away amnis, amnis (M) stream, river amo, amare, amavi, amatus to love, like amor, amoris (M) love amplus, ampla, amplum spacious, grand an or, whether ango, angere, anxi. anxum to throttle, cause physical or mental pain anguis, anguis (M/F) snake angustus, angusta, angustum narrow, strait anima, animae (F) soul, spirit, life force animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus to turn one's attention to, notice animal, animalis (N) animal animus, animi (M) mind, rational spirit, soul, (pl) courage, pride annus, anni (M) year ante before, in front of ante before, previously, in front antea before, formerly antepono, anteponere, anteposui, antepositus to put before, prefer antequam, ante…quam before antiquus, antiqua, antiquum ancient antrum, antri (N) cave anxius, anxia, anxium (lit. feeling strangled), uneasy, troubled aper, apri (M) wild boar aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus to open, uncover, lay bare appareo, apparere, apparui, apparitus to appear, come in sight, be apparent, seem appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus to speak to, address, call, name appono, apponere, apposui, appositum to place, near, serve, attach apto, aptare, aptavi, aptatum to fit (trans.), get ready aptus, apta, aptum fitted, suitable apud at, near, among, at the house of aqua, aquae (F) water ara, arae (F) altar aratrum, aratri (N) plow arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum to think, believe, judge, witness, decide, consider arbor, arboris (F) tree arcanus, arcana, arcanum (lit.: in the strongbox, cf. "arc"), secret arceo, arcere, arcui, ---- to enclose, to keep off arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum to fetch arcus, arcus (M) bow, arch ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus to burn, be on fire, desire, glow ardor, ardoris (M) heat, glow arduus, ardua, arduum steep, high, lofty arena/harena, arenae/harenae (F) sand argumentum, argumenti (N) proof, evidence, argument arguo, arguere, argui, ---- to make clear, show, blame arma, armorum (N pl) arms, weapons, armor armo, armare, armavi, armatum to furnish with weapons, equip, rouse aro, arare, aravi, aratum to plough, till arrideo, arridere, arrisi, arrisum to smile at, behave kindly toward ars, artis (F) skill, art artus, arta, artum (lit.: fitted), tight, narrow artus, artus (M) (lit.: fitting), joint, limb arvum, arvi (N) ploughed land, field arx, arcis (F) citadel, stronghold as, assis (M) as (a small denomination of money) ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum to climb up Asia, Asiae (F) Asia asper, aspera, asperum rough, harsh aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus to look at, behold assequor, assequi, assecutus sum to catch up with, attain assiduus, assidua, assiduum constantly present, persistant assuesco, assuescere, assuevi, (assuetus) to get used to astra, astrorum (N) (lit.: strewn over heaven), star, constellation at vero but in truth at but, on the contrary ater, atra, atrum (lit.: burnt), black, dark Athenae, Athenarum (F pl) Athens atque and, and also, and even, as, than, but attamen but yet, nevertheless attollo, attollere, --- , --- to lift up, raise auctor, auctoris (M) producer, founder, author, increaser, originator auctoritas, auctoritatis (F) authority audacia, audaciae (F) boldness, courage audax, audacis bold, courageous audeo, audere, ausus sum to dare audio, audire, audivi, auditus to hear, listen (to) auditor, auditoris (M) hearer, listener, member of an audience aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum to take away, bear off augeo, augere, auxi, auctum to increase, praise, enrich augur, auguris (M/F) (lit.: bird teller, cf. "garrulous"), soothsayer aula, aulae (F) court, palace aura, aurae (F) breeze, wind, air aureus, aurea, aureum golden, of gold auris, auris (F) ear aurora, aurorae (F) dawn aurum, auri (N) gold auspicium, auspicii (N) (lit.: bird-watching, cf. "spec-""), omen aut or aut…aut either…or autem (postpositive) however, moreover, but, on the contrary auxilium, auxilii (N) aid, help avarus, avara, avarum greedy, avaricious averto, avertere, averti, aversus to turn away, avert avidus, avida, avidum (lit.: having courage for), eager, greedy avis, avis (M/F) bird barbarus, barbara, barbarum foreign, strange basium, basii (N) kiss beatus, beata, beatum happy, fortunate, blessed bellum, belli (N) war bellus, bella, bellum pretty, handsome, charming bene well, satisfactorily, quite benificium, benificii (N) benefit, kindness, favor benignus, benigna, benignum (lit.: of good nature), kind, pleasant bibo, bibere, bibi, ---- to drink bis twice blandus, blanda, blandum pleasant, agreeable bonus, bona, bonum good, kind bos, bovis (M/F) ox, bull bracchium, bracchii (N) the forearm brevis, breve short, small, brief c(h)arta, c(h)artae (F) paper, page cado, cadere, cecidi, casus to fall caecus, caeca, caecum blind, hidden, secret caedes, caedis (F) slaughter, carnage caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum to cut down, fell, make fall caelestis, caeleste heavenly, divine caelo, caelare, caelavi, caelatum to engrave, carve caelum, caeli (N) heaven, sky caeruleus, caerulea, caeruleum (<caelulum) blue Caesar, Caesaris (M) Caesar cal(i)dus, cal(i)da, cal(i)dum warm, hot calamitas, calamitatis (F) disaster, calamity campus, campi (M) plain, level surface candeo, candere, candui, --- (cf. candidus) to shine, to be white, to be hot candidus, candida, candidum shining, bright, white, beautiful canis, canis (M/F) dog cano, canere, cecini, cantus to sing (of) canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum to sing cantus, cantus (M) song capesso, capessere, capessivi, capessitum to seize, catch capillus, capilli (M) hair capio, capere, cepi, captus to take, capture, seize, get captivus, captiva, captivum taken prisoner caput, capitis (N) head, leader, beginning, heading, chapter carcer, carceris (M) jail, prison careo, carere, carui, caritus to lack, be without, de deprived of, want (+abl) carina, carinae (F) keel, pars pro toto: ship carmen, carminis (N) song, poem, incantation carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptus to harvest, pluck, seize Carthago, Carthaginis (F) Carthage carus, cara, carum dear casa, casae (F) house, cottage, hut castellum, castelli (N) fortified outpost, garrison castra, castrorum (N) military camp, fortress castus, casta, castum (cf. careo) free from, unstained, chaste casus, casus (M) fall, accident, occurrence, chance caterva, catervae (F) band, troop, mob caus? (+preceding gen) for the sake of, on account of causa, causae (F) cause, reason, case, situation caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum take heed, beware (+acc.) cavus, cava, cavum hollow cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus to go, move, yield (to), withdraw, grant, submit celebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratum to do something frequently, honor celer, celeris, celere swift, quick, rapid celeritas, celeritatis (F) speed, swiftness cella, cellae (F) storeroom, (small) room celo, celare, celavi, celatus to hide, conceal celsus, celsa, celsum high, lofty, haughty cena, cenae (F) dinner ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatus to dine censeo, censere, censui, censum to estimate, opine centum a hundred cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus to distinguish, discern, perceive, see, sift certo, certare, certavi, certatum to decide by contest, fight certus, certa, certum certain, sure, definite, reliable cervix, cervicis (F) neck cesso, cessare, cessavi, cessatum to cease, rest, hesitate ceteri, ceterae, cetera the remaining, the rest, the other, all the others ceterum but for all that, besides ceu like as, according as chorus, chori (M) performance, group of singers and dancers cibus, cibi (M) food Cicero, Ciceronis (M) (Marcus Tullius) Cicero cieo, (cire), civi, citum to put in motion, stir, invoke cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus to surround, gird cinis, cineris (M) ashes circa around circiter about circum around circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatum to place around, encircle circumeo, circumire, circumi(v)i, circumitum to go around, skirt, surround cis on this side cito quickly citra on this side citus, cita, citum quick civis, civis (M/F) citizen civitas, civitatis (F) citizenship, state clades, cladis (F) calamity, disaster clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatus to shout, cry out, call clamor, clamoris (M) a loud call, shout clarus, clara, clarum bright, clear, famous, renowned, illustrious classis, classis (F) (lit.: people called together), rank, fleet claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum to shut, close clementia, clementiae (F) mildness, gentleness, mercy clipeus/clipeum, clipei (M/N) (round brazen) shield (of Roman soldiers) coepi, coepisse, coeptus to have begun cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatus to think, ponder, consider, plan cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitus to learn, recognize, (in the perfect tense) know cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus to drive/bring together, force, compel cohors, cohortis (F) (lit.: space surrounded by farms), cohort colligo, colligere, collegi, collectum to gather together collis, collis (M) high ground, hill colloquor, colloqui, collocutus sum to speak, talk, converse with collum, colli (N) neck colo, colere, colui, cultum to dwell, cultivate, honor colonus, coloni (M) farmer, colonist color, coloris (M) colour columna, columnae (F) pillar coma, comae (F) hair of the head, mane comes, comitis (M/F) companion comitor, comitari, comitatus sum to go along, attend commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum to call to mind, recount commendo, -are, -avi, -atum to intrust, conmend committo, committere, commisi, commissus to entrust, commit, bring together, execute commodus, commoda, commodum convenient, suitable commoveo, commovere, commovi, commotum to move, excite, stir communis, commune common, general, of/for the community como, comare, ----, comatus to have long hair comparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatum to match, compare comperio, comperire, comperi, compertum to learn complector, complecti, complexus sum to embrace compleo, complere, complevi, completum to fill up, compono, componere, composui, compositum to put together comprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensus to grasp, seize, arrest, comprehend, understand concedo, concedere, concessi, concessum to yield, allow concipio, concipere, concepi, conceptum to catch, conceive concurro, concurrere, concurri, concursum to run together, assemble concutio, concutere, concussi, concussum to shake condemno, -are, -avi, -atus to find guilty, sentence condicio, condicionis (F) agreement, stipulation, circumstance condo, condere, condidi, conditus to put together/into, store, found, establish confero, conferre, contuli, collatus to bring together, compare, confer, bestow conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus to complete, make ready, bring to end confido, confidere, confisus sum to trust confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatum to make firm, establish confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum to confess, acknowledge conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum to throw, infer, discuss coniungo, coniungere, coniunxi, coniunctum to connect, join coniunx, coniugis (M/F) husband, wife, spouse coniurati, coniuratorum (M pl) conspirators conor, conari, conatus sum to try, attempt conscribo, conscribere, conscripsi, conscriptum to compose, enroll consequor, consequi, consecutus sum to follow, attain to conservo, conservare, conservavi, conservatus to preserve, conserve, maintain, keep safe consido, considere, consedi, consessum to sit down, settle consilior, consiliari, consulatus sum to consult, advise (+dat.) consilium, consilii (N) counsel, plan, advice, purpose, judgment, wisdom consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum to come to a halt, to be comprised of conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, conspectum to look at attentively, gaze constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus to set, establish, decide, resolve consto, constare, constiti, (constaturus) to be certain, cost consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetum to get used to, form a habit of consuetudo, consuetudinis (F) usual practice, custom consul, consulis (M) consul consulo, consulere, consului, consultum to consult (+acc), care for (+dat) consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptus to consume, use up contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptus to despise, scorn, ignore contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus to strive, struggle, contend, hasten contentus, contenta, contentum satisfied contineo, continere, continui, contentus to hold together, contain, keep, enclose, restrain contingo, contingere, contigi, contactum to touch, seize, reach contr? against, facing, opposite, in opposition contr? in turn, when, since, although contraho, contrahere, contraxi, contractum to draw together, cause to shrink contundo, contundere, contudi, contusus to beat, crush, bruise, destroy convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum to come together, match converto, convertere, converti, conversum to turn round, change convivium, convivii (N) dinner-party, banquet, feast copia, copiae (F) abundance, supply, (pl) troops, supplies, forces cor, cordis (N) heart coram in presence of cornu, cornus (N) horn corona, coronae (F) crown, wreath corono, coronare, coronavi, coronatus to crown corpus, corporis (N) body corripio, corripere, corripui, correptum to seize, snatch cottidie or cotidie daily, every day cras tomorrow creber, crebra, crebrum recurring at frequent intervals, dense credo, credere, credidi, creditus to be credulous, believe, be trusting, trust (+dat) creo, creare, creavi, creatus to create cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus to increase, grow crimen, criminis (N) blame, misdeed crinis, crinis (M) hair, lock crudelis, crudele cruel cruentus, cruenta, cruentum bloody cruor, cruoris (M) blood, gore crus, cruris (M) (lower) leg cubile, cubilis (N) bed, couch cubo, cubare, cubui, ---- to lie culmen/columen, culminis/columinis (N) the top, summit culpa, culpae (F) guilt, fault, blame culpo, culpare, culpavi, culpatus to blame, censure cultus, cultus (M) cultivation, labor, manner of life cum primum as soon as cum when, since, although cum with cum…tum both…and, not only…but also cuncti, cunctae, cuncta all, whole, entire cupiditas, cupiditatis (F) desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice cupido, cupidinis (F) desire, passion cupidus, cupida, cupidum desirous, eager, fond of (+gen) cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus to desire, wish, long for cur why, for what reason cura, curae (F) care, concern, anxiety, attention, caution curia, curiae (F) (meeting place of the) Roman Senate curo, curare, curavi, curatus to care for, attend to, heal, cure, take care curro, currere, cucurri, cursus to run, rush, move quickly currus, currus (M) chariot cursus, cursus (M) running, race, course custodia, custodiae (F) protection, custody, (pl) guards custos, custodis (M) guardian damno, damnare, damnavi, damnatus to condemn, sentence, judge guilty, convict damnum, damni (N) loss, penalty daps/dapis, dapis (F) expense, feast de concerning, about, (down) from dea, deae (F) goddess debeo, debere, debui, debitus to owe, ought, must, be obliged to decedo, decedere, decessi, ---- to go away, depart decem ten decerno, decernere, decrevi, decretus to decide, settle, decree decet, decere, decuit, --- it is fitting, seemly decimus, decima, decimum tenth decipio, decipere, decepi, deceptum to mislead, cheat declaro, declarare, declaravi, declaratum to disclose, make evident decorus, decora, decorum fitting, suitable, handsome decus, decoris (N) grace, honor dedecus, dedecoris (N) disgrace, shame dedico, dedicare, dedicavi, dedicatus to dedicate dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum to give away, surrender deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum to lead down, lead away defendo, defendere, defendi, defensus to defend, ward off, protect defero, deferre, detuli, delatum to bring, bestow, announce deficio, deficere, defexi, defectum to give out, fail dehinc then deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectum to throw down, destroy deinde thereupon, next, then, from there delectatio, delectationis (F) delight, pleasure, enjoyment delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatus to delight, charm, please deleo, delere, delevi, deletus to destroy, wipe out, erase deliciae, deliciarum (F) pleasure, pet deligo, deligere, delegi, delectus to select, choose, gather demens, dementis mad, raving demitto, demittere, demisi, demissum to let down, lower demo, demere, dempsi, demptum to take away, remove demonstro, -monstrare, -monstravi, -monstratus to point out, show, demonstrate denique finally, at last, lastly dens, dentis (M) tooth densus, densa, densum thick, compact, full of depono, deponere, deposui, depositum to put down depre(he)ndo, -(he)ndere, -(he)ndi, -(he)nsum to light on, pounce on descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum to come down, derive from desero, deserere, deserui, desertum to leave, forsake desiderium, desiderii (N) (lit.: an influence from the stars), desire desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratus to desire, long for, miss designo, designare, designavi, designatum to mark out, define, contrive desino, desinere, desii, ---- to stop, cease desisto, desistere, desistiti, desistitus to stop, desist despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum to give up hope, despair despicio, despicere, despexi, despectum to look down on, disdain destino, destinare, destinavi, destinatum to fix in position, purpose, designate desum, deesse, defui, ---- to be missing, fail (often +dat) deterreo, deterrere, deterrui, deterritus to deter, prevent, hinder, keep from detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractum to strip off, take away deus, dei (M) god, deity devoveo, devovere, devovi, devotum to dedicate, curse dexter, dextra, dextrum right (vs. left),B77 favorable dextra, dextrae (F) right hand di(v)us, di(v)a, di(v)um heavenly, godlike, divine dico, dicere, dixi, dictus to say, tell, speak, name, call dictum, dicti (N) something said, word, assertion dies, diei (M) day differo, differre, distuli, dilatum to separate, spread, put off difficilis, difficile difficult, hard, troublesome digitus, digiti (M) finger, toe dignitas, dignitatis (F) merit, prestige, dignity dignor, dignari, dignatus sum to consider worthy, think fit dignus, digna, dignum worthy, deserving, suitable (+abl) dilectus, dilectus (M) mustering of troops, choice, distinction diligens, diligentis diligent, careful diligentia, diligentiae (F) diligence diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectus to esteem, love dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum to send forth, renounce dirigo, dirigere, direxi, directum to make straight, steer dirus, dira, dirum unlucky, fearful, dread discedo, discedere, discessi, discessus to go from, depart, leave, separate disciplina, disciplinae (F) instruction, method, orderly conduct discipula, discipulae (F) learner, student, pupil discipulus, discipuli (M) learner, student, pupil disco, discere, didici, ---- to learn discrimen, discriminis (N) dividing line, difference, distinction disputo, disputare, diputavi, disputatum to investigate, discuss dissimilis, dissimile dissimilar, unlike, different (+gen or dat) disto, distare, ---, --- to be distant, to be different diu for a long time dive/orsus, dive/orsa, dive/orsum (lit.: turned in different directions), different dive/orto, -vertere, -verti, -versum to turn or go different directions, separate dives, divitis/ditis rich divido, dividere, divisi, divisum to separate divinus, divina, divinum belonging to the gods, divine divitiae, divitiarum (F pl) riches, wealth do, dare, dedi, datus to give, grant, offer doceo, docere, docui, doctus to teach doctus, docta, doctum learned, taught, skilled doleo, dolere, dolui, doliturus to grieve, suffer, hurt, give pain, ache, feel pain dolor, doloris (M) pain, grief, sorrow dolus, doli (M) guile, deception domina, dominae (F) mistress, lady dominus, domini (M) master, lord domo, domare, domui, domitum to tame domus, domi and domus (F) house, home donec while, until, as long as dono, donare, donavi, donatus to give, present, reward donum, doni (N) gift, present dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitus to sleep dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatus to doubt, hesitate dubium, dubii (N) doubt, hesitation dubius, dubia, dubium doubtful duco, ducere, duxi, ductus to lead, consider, regard, prolong ductor, ductoris (M) leader, chief dulcis, dulce sweet, pleasant, agreeable dum ne provided only that not dum while, until, as long as, if only, provided that dummodo ne provided only that not dummodo if only, provided that, so long as duo, duae, duo two duodecim twelve duodecimus, duodecima, duodecimum twelfth duodeviginti eighteen durus, dura, durum hard, harsh, rough, stern, unfeeling, difficult dux, ducis (M) leader, guide, commander, general e, ex out of, from (within), by reason of, on account of ebur, eboris (N) ivory ecce look!, behold! edico, edicere, edixi, edictum to make known, ordain edo, edere, edi, esum to eat edo, edere, edidi, editum to give out, proclaim educo, educare, educavi, educatus to bring up, educate educo, educere, eduxi, eductum to lead forth, bring up, rear, train, educate effero, efferre, extuli, elatum to carry out (for burial), to extol efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus to effect, bring about, bring to pass, accomplish effor, effari, effatus sum to utter, tell effugio, effugere, effugi, --- to escape effundo, effundere, effudi, effusum to pour out egeo, egere, egui, ---- to need, lack, want (+abl or gen) ego, mei I, me egredior, egredi, egressus sum to go out, go away egregius, egregia, egregium extraordinary, eminent eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum to throw out, drive out elephantus, elephanti (M/F) elephant eligo, eligere, elexi, electum to extract, select eloquentia, eloqunetiae (F) effective speech, articulateness emineo, eminere, eminui, ---- to stand out emo, emere, emi, emptus to buy en look!, behold! enim (postpositive) indeed, of course, for, in fact, truly, namely enimvero for in truth ensis, ensis (M) sword eo, ire, ii (or ivi), itus to go epistula, epistulae (F) letter epulae, epularum (F) (lit.: religious performance), dishes, feast eques, equitis (M) rider equidem indeed, at all events equus, -i (M) horse erga toward ergo therefore erigo, erigere, erexi, erectum to raise up eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus to snatch away, take away, rescue, tear out erro, errare, erravi, erratus to wander, err, go astray, be mistaken error, erroris (M) perplexity, mistake et and, even et and, even et…et both…and etenim for, namely etiam even, also, too, likewise etiamsi even if etsi although, even if evado, evadere, evasi, evasum to go out, escape evenio, evenire, eveni, eventum to come out, come about ex(s)isto, ex(s)istere, ex(s)titi to appear, come into being ex(s)ul, ex(s)ulis (M/F) (lit.: away from native soil), banished person excedo, excedere, excessi, excessum to go away from, go beyond excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptus to take out, except, take, receive, capture excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatum to call out, wake, rouse excutio, excutere, excussi, excussum to shake out, drive out exemplar, exemplaris (N) copy, model, example exemplum, exempli (N) example exeo, exire, exii (-ivi), exitus to go out, exit exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum to keep busy, agitate exercitus, exercitus (M) army exigo, exigere, exegi, exactus to drive out, force out, exact, complete exiguus, exigua, exiguum small existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatum to value exitium, exitii (N) destruction, ruin exorior, exoriri, exortus sum to rise, arise, appear, start expedio, expedire, expedivi, expeditum to free the feet, make ready expello, expellere, expuli, expulsus to push out, drive out, expel, banish experior, experiri, expertus sum to try, put to the test, experience, attempt expleo, explere, explevi, expletus to fill, fill up, complete explico, explicare, explicavi, explicatus to unfold, explain, spread out, deploy expono, exponere, exposui, expositus to set forth, expose, explain, exhibit exsilium, exsilii (N) exile, banishment exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus to wait (for), expect, await exstinguo, exstinguere, exstinxi, exstinctum to snuff out extendo, extendere, extendi, extensum to stretch out, spread out exter (exterior, extremus) from outside, foreign exterreo, -terrere, exterrui, exterritum to strike with terror, frighten extra outside extremus, extrema, extremum utmost, last fabula, fabulae (F) story, tale, play, plot facies, faciei (F) appearance, form, face facile easily facilis, facile easy, agreeable facio, facere, feci, factus to make, do, accomplish factum, facti (N) deed, act, achievement fallax, fallacis deceitful, treacherous fallo, fallere, fefelli (falsus wrong ) to deceive, escape notice falsus, falsa, falsum, (falso adv). deceptive, false fama, famae (F) talk, report, rumor, fame, reputation fames, famis (F) hunger familia, familiae (F) household, family famulus, famuli (M) servant fas (N) divine law fateor, fateri, fassus sum to confess, admit, asknowledge fatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatus to weary, tire out fatum, fati (N) fate, death fauces, faucium (F) throat, gullet faveo, favere, favi, fautus to be favorable, favor (+dat) fax, facis (F) torch fecundus, fecunda, fecundum fruitful, productive felix, felicis happy, fortunate, lucky, fruitful femina, feminae (F) woman fenestra, fenestrae (F) window fere almost, about, hardly ferio, ferire, ----, (feriturus) to strike, hit fero, ferre, tuli, latus to bring, carry, bear, endure, suffer, say, report ferox, ferocis fierce, savage ferrum, ferri (N) iron, sword ferus, fera, ferum wild ferveo, fervere, fervui, --- to be boiling hot fessus, fessa, fessum worn out, weak festus, festa, festum festive, merry fetus, feta, fetum pregnant, fruitful fidelis, fidele faithful, loyal fides, fidei (F) faith, trust, trustworthiness, fidelity, promise fido, fidere, fisus sum to trust, rely upon fidus, fida, fidum trustworthy, faithful figo, figere, fixi, fixum to fasten, fix figura, figurae (F) figure, form, shape filia, filiae (F) daughter filius, filii (M) son findo, findere, fidi, fissum to cleave, split fines, finium (F) territory, country fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum to touch, form, fashion finio, finire, fini(v)I, finitum to establish a limit, end finis, finis (M) end, boundary, limit, purpose fio, fieri, factus sum to be made, be done, happen, become firmo, firmare, firmavi, firmatum to make firm, fortify firmus, firma, firmum firm, strong, reliable, solid flamma, flammae (F) flame, fire flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum to bend fleo, flere, flevi, fletum to cry floreo, florere, florui, ---- to blossom flos, floris(m) blossom, flower fluctus, fluctus (M) flood, wave flumen, fluminis (N) river, running water fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctus to flow fluvius, fluvii (M) river focus, foci (M) fire-place, hearth fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum to dig foedus, foeda, foedum ugly foedus, foederis (N) pact, treaty, agreement folium, folii (N) leaf fons, fontis(m) spring, fountain for, fari, fatus sum to speak, talk, foretell, say fore (alternative form of future infinitive of sum) foris out of doors, outside foris, foris (F) (leaf of a) door forma, formae (F) form, shape, beauty, figure, appearance formosus, formosa, formosum shapely, beautiful fors, fortis (F) chance forsitan perhaps fortasse perhaps fortis, forte strong, brave fortuna, fortunae (F) fortune, luck fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum lucky, fortunate, happy fortuno, fortunare, fortunavi, fortunatum to make happy, bless forum, fori (N) open space, market place, public square, forum foveo, fovere, fovi, fotus to comfort, nurture, cherish, warm, foster fragilis, fragile easily broken, brittle frango, frangere, fregi, fractum to break (trans.) frater, fratris (M) brother fraternus, fraterna, fraternum brotherly fraus, fraudis (F) deceit, cheating fremo, fremere, fremui, fremitum to roar, growl frenum, freni (N) bridle frequens, frequentis repeated, often fretum, freti (N) (lit.: where the sea churns), straits, channel frigidus, frigida, frigidum cold frigus, frigoris (N) coldness frons, frondis (F) foliage frons, frontis (F)+A1144 forehead, front fructui esse to be a profit, be an asset to (+dat) fructus, fructus (M) enjoyment, fruit, profit, benefit fruor, frui, fructus/fruitus sum to enjoy (+abl.) frustr? in vain, without reason frux, frugis (F) fruits of the earth, result fuga, fugae (F) flight fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus to flee, hurry away, go into exile, avoid, shun fugo, fugare, fugavi, fugatum to put to flight fulcio, fulcire, fulsi, fultum to prop up, support fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, ---- to flash, shine, be radiant fulgor, fulgoris (M) lightning, flash, brightness fulmen, fuminis (N) stroke of lightning, thunderbolt fumus, fumi (M) smoke fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum to pour fungor, fungi, functus sum to perform, execute (+abl.) funus, funeris (N) funeral, destruction funus, funis (M/F) rope furo, furere, ---, --- to rage, be mad furor, furoris (M) rage, frenzy furtim stealthily, secretly furtum, furti (N) theft, robbery galea, galeae (F) helmet gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum to be glad, rejoice gaudium, gaudii (N) joy gelidus, gelida, gelidum icy cold gelu, gelus (N) and gelus, gelus (M) cold, frost geminus, gemina, geminum twin gemitus, gemitus (M)+A1351 sigh, lamentation gemo, gemere, gemui, gemitum to sigh, groan gena, genae, (F)+A762 cheek gener, generi (M) son-in-law genitor, genitoris (M) father, creator, sire gens, gentis (F) race, people, clan, nation genu, genus (N) knee genus, generis (N) descent, origin, race, sort, kind, class germanus, germana, germanum born of the same parents, genuine gero, gerere, gessi, gestus to conduct, manage, wage, carry (on), accomplish gigno, gignere, genui, genitum to beget, produce gladius, gladii (M) sword gloria, gloriae (F) glory, renown, fame gracilis, gracile slender, unadorned, simple, thin gradior, gradi, gressus sum to step, walk, go Graecia, Graeciae (F) Greece Graecus, Graeca, Graecum Greek gramen, graminis (N) grass grandis, grande great, massive, sublime gratia, gratiae (F) goodwill, kindness, charm gratias agere to give thanks to gratus, grata, gratum pleasing, agreeable, grateful (+dat) gravis, grave heavy, severe, important, serious, weighty gremium, gremii (N) lap, bosom grex, gregis (M) herd gurges, gurgitis (M) abyss, whirlpool habena, habenae (F) strap, halter, rein habeo, habere, habui, habitus to have, hold, possess, consider, regard habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum to inhabit, dwell habitus, habitus (M) state of being, style of dress, character haereo. haerere, haesi (haesurus) to hang, get stuck hasta, hastae (F) spear haud not haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum to suck, drink in herba, herbae (F) grass, vegetation, turf heres, heredis (M/F) successor, heir heri yesterday heu ah! alas! h?c here hic, haec, hoc this, the latter hiems, hiemis (F) winter hinc hence historia, historiae (F) investigation, record of the past, narrative hodie today homo, hominis (M) human being, man honestus, honesta, honestum respected, honorable, distinguished honor, honoris (M) honor, distinction, office, esteem hora, horae (F) hour, season, time horreo, horrere, horrui, ---- to shudder (at) horridus, horrida, horridum horrible, rough hortor, hortari, hortatus sum to urge, encourage, exhort hortus, horti (M) garden, farm plot hospes, hospitis (M) guest, host hostilis, hostile of an enemy, hostile hostis, hostis (M) enemy, stranger huc to this place, hither humanus, humana, humanum pertaining to man humilis, humile humble, lowly humus, humi (F) ground, earth, soil iaceo, iacere, iacui, ---- to lie, lie prostrate, lie dead iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus to throw, hurl iacto, iactare, iactavi, iactatus to throw, scatter, shake, boast iam now, by this time, already, soon ianua, ianuae (F) door ibi there, then ibidem in the same place ictus, ictus (M) blow, beat idcirco therefore idem, eadem, idem same ideo therefore idoneus, idonea, idoneum suitable, fit, appropriate igitur therefore, consequently ignarus, ignara, ignarum not knowing, unaware ignis, ignis (M) fire ignoro, ignorare, ignoravi, ignoratum not to know, to disregard ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotus to be forgiving, forgive, pardon (+dat) ignotus, ignota, ignotum unknown ille, illa, illud that, the former illic there illicio, illicere, illexi, illectum to entice, allure illinc thence, there, thither illuc to that place, up to that time imago, imaginis (F) likeness, picture imber, imbris (M) rain imbuo, imbuere, imbui, imbutum to wet, soak imitor, imitari, imitatus sum to act like, copy immanis, immane monstrous, frightful immensus, immensa, immensum immeasurable, boundless immeritum, immerita, immeritum undeserved, innocent immitto, immittere, immisi, immissum to send in, introduce immo on the contrary, or rather immortalis, immortale immortal, everlasting immotus, immota, immotum unmoved, unchanged, unrelenting impar, impairs unequal impedio, impedire, impedivi (-ii), impeditus to deter, impede, prevent, hinder impello, impellere, impuli, impulsum set in motion, instigate impendeo, impendere, ---, impensum to hang over, threaten imperator, imperatoris (M) commander, general, emperor imperium, imperii (N) authority, power, empire, command, control impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus to give an order, give a command impetro, impetrare, impetravi, impetratum to gain one's end, effect, impetus, impetus (M) thrust, impulse impius, impia, impium irreverent, wicked, impious impleo, implere, implevi, impletus to fill, fill up, finish impono, imponere, imposui, impositum to place upon, establish, inflict improbus, improba, improbum of poor quality, unsound impune (adv.) without consequences, safely imus, ima, imum lowest, deepest, last in into, onto, against (with acc); in, on (with abl) inanis, inane empty, void incedo, incedere, incessi, incessum to go in, advance incendium, incendii (N) burning, conflagration incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum to set on fire incertus, incerta, incertum uncertain, unsure, doubtful incido, incidere, incidi, incasum to fall upon, befall incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus to begin, commence includo, includere, inclusi, inclusum to shut up, enclose, include incola, incolae (M) (sometimes F) inhabitant incolo, incolere, incolui, ---- to inhabit increpo, increpare, increpui, increpitum to make a loud noise incumbo, incumbere, incubui, (incubiturus) to lie upon, lean towards inde ever since, after that inde from there indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatum to show indico, indicere, indixi, indictum to declare, appoint indignus, indigna, indignum unworthy, unsuitable (+abl) indulgeo, indulgere, indulsi, ---- to be kind, give way to induo, induere, indui, indutum to put on (clothes) ineo, inire, inii (-ivi), initus to go in, enter iners, inertis unskilled, idle infelix, infelicis unhappy, unfortunate infernus, inferna, infernum beneath, infernal infero, inferre, intuli, illatum to bring to a place, advance inferus, infera, inferum low, underground infestus, infesta, infestum hostile infirmus, infirma, infirmum weak, unhealthy, feeble infra below ingenium, ingenii (N) nature, talent, disposition, natural quality ingens, ingentis huge ingratus, ingrata, ingratum unpleasant, unthankful ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum to go into, enter, advance, begin inguen, inguinis (N) groin iniceo, inicere, inieci, iniectum to throw in, infuse, cause inimicitia, inimicitiae (F) hostility inimicus, inimica, inimicum unfriendly, hostile iniquus, iniqua, iniquum uneven, unfair initium, initii (N) beginning, commencement iniuria, iniuriae (F) injustice, injury, wrong inops, inopis helpless, weak inquam, inquis I, you say inquit (s)he says/said inquiunt, inquies they say, you will say insanus, insana, insanum frenzied, wild, absurd insidiae, insidiarum (F pl) ambush, plot, treachery insignis, insignis, insigne distinguished, notable instituo, instituere, institui, institutus to set (up), establish, arrange, put in place insto, instare, institi, instatum to impend, press upon instruo, instruere, instruxi, instructum to equip with knowledge insula, insulae (F) island intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus to understand intendo, intendere, intendi, intentus to stretch out, extend, aim, exert inter between, among interdum sometimes interea meanwhile intereo, interire, interi(v)i, interitum to decay, perish interest, interesse, interfuit, ---- it is of importance, it concerns, it is of interest interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus to kill, murder interim meanwhile intersum, interesse, interfui, ---- to be between, take part intra inside intro, intrare, intravi, intratum to enter intueor, intrueri, intuitus sum to watch, consider intus inside, to the inside, from the inside inultus, inulta, inultum unpunished, unavenged inutilis, inutile useless invado, invadere, invasi, invasus to go into, invade, attack invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus to come upon, discover, find invictus, invicta, invictum undefeated invideo, invidere, invidi, invisus to be envious, look at with envy, be jealous of invidia, invidiae (F) envy, jealousy, hatred invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatus to entertain, invite, summon invitus, invita, invitum unwilling iocus, ioci (M) joke, jest ipse, ipsa, ipsum self, very ira, irae (F) wrath, anger, ire irascor, irasci, (iratus angry ) to be angry iratus, irata, iratum angry is, ea, id this, that, he, she, it iste, ista, istud that (of yours), that ita so, in this way, thus Italia, Italiae (F) Italy itaque and so, therefore item also, too, likewise iter, itineris (N) journey, route, road iterum again, a second time itidem also, too, likewise iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus to order, command, bid iucundus, iucunda, iucundum pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing iudex, iudicis (M) judge, juror, (pl) jury iudicium, iudicii (N) trial, judgment, decision, opinion iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatum to judge iugum, iugi (N) yoke, team iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus to join, yoke, connect Iuno, Iunonis (F) Juno Iuppiter, Iovis (M) Jupiter iuro, iurare, iuravi, iuratum to swear ius, iuris (N) right, law, justice iussum, iussi (N) command, order iustitia, iustitiae (F) justice, fairness iustus, iusta, iustum just, right iuvencus, iuvenci (M) bull calf iuvenis, iuvene young iuvenis, iuvenis (M/F) youth, young person iuventa, iuventae (F) (age) of youth iuventus, iuventutis (F) (age of) youth, young people iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus to help, aid, assist, please, delight iuxta near, next to labo, labare, labavi, labatum to totter, waver labor, labi, lapsus sum to slip, glide, fall labor, laboris (M) labor, work, toil, a work, production, exertion laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus to work, labor, be in distress lacero, lacerare, laceravi, laceratum to tear, rend lacertus, lacerti (M) (upper) arm lacesso, lacessere, lacessivi, lacessitum to provoke, challenge lacrima, lacrimae (F) tear(drop) lacus, lacus (M) basin, pond laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum to wound, injure laetus, laeta, laetum happy, cheerful, glad, pleasant laeva, laevae (F) left hand laevus, laeva, laevum left, unlucky lana, lanae (F) wool lapis, lapidis (M) stone Lar, Laris (M) household god largus, larga, largum large, plentiful lassus, lassa, lassum tired, exhausted lateo, latere, latui, ---- to be hidden, escape notice Latinus, Latina, Latinum Latin latus, lata, latum broad, wide latus, lateris (N) side, flank laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus to praise laurus, lauri (F) or laurus, laurus (F) laurel-tree, bay laus, laudis (F) praise, glory, fame lavo, lavare, lavi, (lautus clean ) to wash lector, lectoris (M) reader lectrix, lectricis (F) reader legatus, legati (M) legate, envoy legio, legionis (F) legion lego, legare, legavi, legatum to depute, appoint lego, legere, legi, lectus to choose, select, read, pick out, collect lenis, lene slow, soft, mild lentus, lenta, lentum pliant, slow leo, leonis (M) lion letum, leti (N) death, annihilation levis, leve light, slight, easy, trivial levo, levare, levavi, levatum to make lighter, lift up lex, legis (F) law, statute libellus, libelli (M) little book libenter freely, willingly, gladly, with pleasure liber, libera, liberum free liber, libri (M) book liberalis, liberale relating to a free person, decent, liberal, generous libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatus to free, liberate libertas, libertatis (F) freedom, liberty libet, libere, libuit, libitum it pleases, delights libido, libidinis (F) desire, longing libo, libare, libavi, libatus to pour a libation, sip, touch gently licet, licere, licuit, (licitum est) it is permitted lilium, lil(i)i (N) lily limen, liminis (N) threshold, lintel lingua, linguae (F) tongue, language liquidus, liquida, liquidum fluid lis, litis (F) lawsuit, quarrel littera, litterae (F) letter (of the alphabet); pl = letter (epistle) litus, litoris (N) shore, beach, coast loca, locorum (N pl) places, region loco, locare, locavi, locatum to place, arrange locus, loci (M) place, spot, passage in literature longe far off, at a distance, far and wide longus, longa, longum long loquor, loqui, locutus sum to speak, talk, say, tell luceo, lucere, luxi, ---- to shine, be bright lucidus, lucida, lucidum bright, translucent luctor, luctari, luctatus sum to wrestle luctus, luctus (M) lamentation, grief lucus, luci (M) (lit.: clearing), (sacred) grove, wood ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum to play, joke ludus, ludi (M) game, sport, school lugeo, lugere, luxi, luctum to mourn lumen, luminis (N) light luna, lunae (F) moon, moonlight luo, luere, lui, --- to pay, make atonement, set free lupus, lupi (M) wolf lustro, lustrare, lustravi, lustratum to purify, walk around lux, lucis (F) light maereo, maerere, maerui, ---- to be sad, mourn, grieve maestus, maesta, maestum sad, gloomy magis more, rather magister, magistri (M) superior, director, master, teacher magistra, magistrae (F) superior, director, master (mistress), teacher magnanimus, magnanima, magnanimum great-hearted, brave, magnanimous magnitudo, magnitudinis (F) great size magnopere greatly magnus, magna, magnum large, big, great, important maiores, maiorum (M pl) ancestors male badly malo, malle, malui, ---- to prefer, choose rather, want more/instead malus, mala, malum evil, bad, wicked mando, mandare, mandavi, mandatum to enjoin mane in the morning, early maneo, manere, mansi, mansus to remain, stay (behind), abide, continue manes, manium (M) (lit.: good spirits), souls of the departed manifestus, manifesta, manifestum palpable mano, manare, manavi, --- to drop, flow manus, manus (F) hand, band, troop, handwriting mare, maris (N) sea maritus, mariti (M) husband, married man marmor, marmoris (M) marble Mars, Martis (M) Mars (god of war) mater, matris (F) mother materia, materiae (F) timber, building material, matter maturus, matura, maturum timely, ripe medica, medicae (F) doctor, physician medicus, medici (M) doctor, physician mediocris, mediocre ordinary, moderate, mediocre medium, medii (N) middle, center medius, media, medium middle (of) mel, mellis (N) honey membrum, membri (N) limb, member memini, meminisse to remember memor, memoris mindful, remembering (+gen) memoria, memoriae (F) memory, recollection memoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratum to bring to remembrance, mention mens, mentis (F) mind, disposition, intellect, thought, intention mensa, mensae (F) table, dish, course mensis, mensis (M) month mentior, mentiri, mentitus sum to lie, deceive mereo(r), mereri, meritus sum to earn mereo, merere, merui, meritum to earn mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum to sink (trans.) merito (adv.) deservedly, rightly merus, mera, merum pure, undiluted merx, mercis (F) commodity, merchandise messis, messis (F) crop, harvest meta, metae (F) turning post, goal, limit metior, metiri, mensus sum to measure metuo, metuere, metui, ---- to fear, dread metus, metus (M) fear, dread, anxiety meus, mea, meum my, mine, my own mico, micare, micavi, micatum to move rapidly, quiver, flicker, spurt miles, militis (M) soldier milia, milium (N pl) thousands militaris, militare connected with the army, military militia, militiae (F) military service, warfare mille thousand minae, minarum (F)+A795 (lit.: something projecting at you), threat minister, ministri (M) servant. attendant minor, minari, minatus sum to jut forth, threaten minuo, minuere, minui, minutus to lessen, diminish mirabilis, mirabile amazing, wondrous, remarkable miror, mirari, miratus sum to wonder (at), be amazed (at), admire mirus, mira, mirum (cf. miror) astounding, wondrous misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus to mix, intermingle, blend, disturb, stir up miser, misera, miserum miserable, unhappy, wretched, unfortunate misereor, misereri, miseritus sum to pity (+gen) miseret, miserere, miseruit, (miseritum est) it pities, it moves to pity miseror, miserari, miseratus sum to pity mitis, mite soft, sweet, mild mitto, mittere, misi, missus to send, let go modo ne provided only that not modo if only, provided that modo only, just, just now modo…modo now…now modus, modi (M) way, manner, limit, kind, measure, bound, method moenia, moenium (N pl) city walls moles, molis (F) mass, bulk molior, moliri, molitus sum to work at, build, undertake, plan mollio, mollire, mollivi, mollitus to soften, make calm, make less hostile mollis, molle soft, supple moneo, monere, monui, monitus to warn, remind, put in mind of, admonish mons, montis (M) mountain monstro, monstrare, monstravi, monstratus to show, point out, demonstrate monstrum, monstri (N) evil portent, monstrosity monumentum, monumenti (N) monument mora, morae (F) delay morbus, morbi (M) disease, sickness mordeo, mordere, momorsi, morsum to bite morior, mori, mortuus sum to die moror, morari, moratus sum to delay, stay, hinder mors, mortis (F) death mortalis, mortale mortal mortuus, mortua, mortuum dead mos, moris (M) custom, manner, habit, (pl) character motus, motus (M) motion, movement moveo, movere, movi, motus to move, arouse, affect mox soon mucro, mucronis (M) sharp point, edge mulier, mulieris (F) woman multitudo, multitudinis (F) multitude, crowd multum much, very multus, multa, multum much, many mundus, mundi (M) world, universe munio, munire, munivi, munitus to fortify munus, muneris (N) office, duty murmur, murmuris (N) rumble, whisper murus, muri (M) wall muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatus to change, alter, exchange nam for, namely namque for, namely nanciscor, nancisci, nan(c)tus sum to obtain naris, naris (F) nostril narro, narrare, narravi, narratus to tell, report, narrate nascor, nasci, natus sum to be born, descend from, spring forth, arise nasus, nasi (M) nose nata, natae (F) daughter natura, naturae (F) nature natus, nati (M) son nauta, nautae (M) sailor navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus to sail, navigate navis, navis (F) ship, boat ne (with subjunctive clauses) not, in order that…not, that…not, lest ne…quidem not even nec, neque and not, not even nec…nec neither…nor necesse necessary, inevitable, needful, indispensable necessitas, necessitatis (F) need, constraint necne or not (used as 2nd part of an indirect question) necnon also, too, likewise neco, necare, necavi, necatus to kill, murder necto, nectere, nex(u)i, nexum to bind together, join nefas (N) sin, crime neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectus to disregard, neglect nego, negare, negavi, negatus to deny, say no, say that…not negotium, negot(i)i (N) work, business, trouble nemo, neminis (M/F) no one, nobody nemus, nemoris (N) grove, wood nepos, nepotis (M) grandson, descendant neque (nec)…neque (nec) neither…nor neque / nec and not, nor neque non also, too, likewise neque…neque neither…nor nequiquam in vain, without reason nervus, nervi (M) sinew, tendon, nerve nescio, nescire, nescivi (-ii), nescitus to not know, be ignorant neu, nive nor, and not neu…neu neither…nor neuter, neutra, neutrum neither ni if not, unless, but if nidus, nidi (M) nest niger, nigra, nigrum black, dark nihil (N) nothing nihil / nil (N) nothing nihilominus nevertheless nihilum, nihili (N) nothing nimbus, nimbi (M) rain-storm, cloud, headband nimis/nimium too, too much, excessively nimius, nimia, nimium excessive nisi unless, if…not, except niteo, nitere, nitui, ---- to shine, glisten, glitter nitidus, nitida, nitidum shining, sleek, fat nitor, niti, nisus/nixus sum to lean nive…nive neither…nor niveus, nivea, niveum snowy, snow-white nix, nivis (F) snow no, nare, navi, --- swim, float nobilis, nobile (lit.: what is known), renowned, high-born noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitus to be harmful, harm, injure (+dat) nocturnus, nocturna, nocturnum nightly, nocturnal nolo, nolle, nolui, ---- to be unwilling, wish…not nomen, nominis (N) name nomino, nominare, nominavi, nominatum to call by name, give a name non ante…quam no until non iam not yet non solum…sed etiam not only…but also non not nondum not yet nonne (in dir quest, anticipates a "yes" answer) nonus, nona, nonum ninth nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis we nosco, noscere, novi, notus to learn, (in the perfect tense) know noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours, our own nota, notae (F) mark, sign noto, notare, notavi, notatum to mark, indicate, recognize notus, nota, notum known, well-known, customary novem nine novus, nova, novum new, strange nox, noctis (F) night noxa, noxae (F) harm, injury nubes, nubis (F) cloud, mist nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptus to cover, veil, be married to, marry (+dat) nudus, nuda, nudum naked, bare nullus, nulla, nullum no, none num whether, (in dir quest, anticipates a "no" answer) numen, numinis (N) divinity, divine spirit numero, numerare, numeravi, numeratum to count, reckon numerus, numeri (M) number numquam never nunc now, at present nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatus to report, announce, relate nuntius, nuntii (M) messenger, message nuper recently nusquam nowhere nutrix, nutricis (F) nurse ob on account of , towards obeo, obire, obii (-ivi), obitus to go up against, meet, die obiceo, obicere, obieci, obiectum to throw in the way, oppose obitus, obitus (M) a going down, setting, downfall, ruin oblecto, oblectare, oblectavi, oblectatus to please, amuse, delight, pass the time pleasantly obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum to forget obscurus, obscura, obscurum dim, dark obsido, obsidere, obsedi, obsessum to occupy obsti/upesco, obsti/uperscere, obsti/upui, -- to be struck dumb, amazed obsto, obstare, obstiti, obstatus to stand in the way of, hinder (+dat) obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum to hold fast, maintain obvius, obvia, obvium in the way, ready to hand occasio, occasionis (F) occasion, opportunity occido, occidere, occidi, occasus to fall (down), set, die occido, occidere, occidi, occisum to knock down, kill occulte secretly occultus, occulta, occultum (lit.: covered over), hidden, secret occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum to take possession of occurro, occurrere, occurri, --- to run to meet, oppose octavus, octava, octavum eighth octo eight oculus, oculi (M) eye odi, odisse, osurum to hate odium, odii (N) hatred odor, odoris (M) smell offendo, offendere, offendi, offensum to hit , insult offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus to offer officium, officii (N) duty, service olim once, at that time, formerly, in the future omen, ominis (N) (lit.: what is heard), harbinger, divine sign omitto, omittere, omisi, omissum to let go, pass over omnino all in all, as a whole, entirely, wholly, altogether omnipotens, omnipotentis almighty omnis, omne every, all onero, onerare, oneravi, oneratum to load, burden onus, oneris (N) burden, load operio, operire, operui, opertum to cover opinio, opinionis (F) opinion opinor, opinari, opinatus sum to suppose, believe, be of the opinion oportet, oportere, oportuit, ---- it is necessary, it is proper, it is right oppidum, oppidi (N) town opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressus to press upon, overwhelm, suppress, oppress oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatus to attack, fight against, assault, assail ops, opis (F) help, aid, (pl) resources, wealth, power opto, optare, optavi, optatus to desire, wish (for), choose opus est there is need of opus, operis (N) work, task, deed, accomplishment ora, orae (F) edge, coast oratio, orationis (F) oration, speech orator, oratoris (M) speaker, orator orbis terrarum circle of lands, the world orbis, orbis (M) ring, orb, circle ordo, ordinis (M) line, methodical arrangement, class orior, oriri, ortus sum to rise, arise, begin orno, ornare, ornavi, ornatus to equip, furnish, adorn oro, orare, oravi, oratus to beg (for), speak, plead, beseech, entreat ortus, ortus (M) rising, source os, oris (N) mouth, expression, face os, ossis (N) bone osculum, osculi (N) kiss ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ---- to stretch toward, point out ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus to show, expose, make plain, exhibit, display otium, otii (N) leisure, peace paene almost paenitet, paenitere, paenituit, ---- it repents palleo, pallere, pallui, --- to be pale pallor, palloris (M) paleness, mustiness palma, palmae (F) palm (of the hand), palmtree pando, pandere, pandi, passum to spread out, open pango, pangere, pepigi, pactum to make fast, compose par, paris equal, like parco, parcere, peperci, parsus to be sparing, spare (+dat) parcus, parca, parcum (lit.: thrifty), small parens, parentis (M/F) parent pareo, parere, parui, paritus to be obedient, obey (+dat) pario, parere, peperi, partum (pariturus) to bring forth, give birth pariter equally, alike paro, parare, paravi, paratus to prepare, make ready, provide, get, obtain pars, partis (F) part, share, direction parum too little, not enough parum too little, not enough parvus, parva, parvum little, small pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum to feed, let graze passim here and there passim random passus, passus (M) pace, step, stride pastor, pastoris (M) shepherd patefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactus to make open, open, disclose, expose pateo, patere, patui, ---- to be open, lie open, be accessible, be evident pater, patris (M) father paternus, paterna, paternum fatherly patientia, patientiae (F) suffering, patience, endurance patior, pati, passus sum to suffer, endure, allow, permit patria, patriae (F) native land, country, fatherland pauci, paucae, pauca few paulus, paula, paulum little, small pauper, pauperis poor, of small means paupertas, paupertatis (F) poverty, humble circumstances pax, pacis (F) peace pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatum to blunder, do wrong pectus, pectoris (N) heart, breast pecunia, pecuniae (F) money pecus, pecoris (N) head of cattle, herd, flock pecus, pecudis (F) piece of livestock, sheep pedes, peditis (M) foot-soldier pelagus, pelagi (N) open sea pellis, pellis (F) skin, hide, pelt pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus to push, drive (off), strike, banish Penates, Penatium (M pl) household gods pendeo, pendere, pependi, --- (intrans.) to hang, float pendeo. pendere, pependi, pensum to hang, float pendo, pendere, pependi, pensum to weigh, pay penes in the power of penetro, penetrare, penetravi, penetratum to make its way into penitus inwardly, deeply penna, pennae (F) feather, plume per through perago, peragere, peregi, peractum to drive through, bring to an end percello, percellere, perculi, perculsum to beat down, upset percipio, percipere, percepi, perceptum to acquire, perceive percutio, percutere, percussi, percussum to strike forcibly, blast perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus to destroy, lose, waste peregrinor, peregrinari, peregrinatus sum to travel abroad, wander pereo, perire, perii (-ivi), peritus to die, perish, pass away, de destroyed perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum to bear through, suffer perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectus to accomplish, complete, finish perfidus, perfida, perfidum faithless, treacherous perfugium, perfugii (N) refuge, shelter perfundo, perfundere, perfusi, perfusum to flow over, dye pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum to proceed periculum, periculi (N) danger periurium, periurii (N) false oath, perjury permitto, permittere, permisi, permissum to let go through, allow pernocto, pernoctare, pernoctavi, pernoctatus to spend or occupy the night perpetuus, perpetua, perpetuum perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted, continuous perscribo, perscribere, perscripsi, perscriptum to write in full, assign persequor, persequi, persecutus sum to pursue perspicio, perspicere, perspexi, perspectum to look through, realize persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasus to be persuasive, persuade (+dat) pertineo, pertinere, pertinui, ---- to extend. to refer to (+ad) pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventus to arrive (at) pes, pedis (M) foot, lower leg peto, petere, petivi, petitus to seek, ask for, aim at, beg (with a + abl) philosopha, philosophae (F) philosopher philosophia, philosophiae (F) philosophy philosophus, pihlosophi (M) philosopher pietas, pietatis (F) dutiful conduct, religiousness, devotion piget, pigere, piguit, ---- it disgusts pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum to paint pinguis, pingue fat piscis, piscis (M) fish pius, pia, pium loyal, dutiful, pious placeo, placere, placui, placitus to be pleasing to (+dat) placidus, placida, placidum calm, mild placo, placare, placavi, placatum to quiet, soothe, appease planus, plana, planum level, flat plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum to clap plebs, plebis (F) common people, populous, plebeians plenus, plena, plenum full, abundant, generous pleo, plere, plevi, pletum to fill (+abl. of material) plerusque, pleraque, plerumque a large part, most pluma, plumae, (F) feather poculum, poculi (N) drinking bowl poena, poenae (F) penalty, punishment poenas dare to pay a penalty poeta, poetae (M) poet polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum to promise polus, poli (M) tip of heavenly axis, pole star, sky pomum, pomi (N) and pomus, pomi (M) fruit tree, (edible) fruit pondus, ponderis (N) weight pono, ponere, posui, positus to put, place, set (aside) pons, pontis (M) bridge pontus, ponti (M) sea populo, populare, populavi, populatum to lay waste, ravage populus, populi (M) the people, a people, a nation por(ri)go, por(ri)gere, porrexi, porrectum to stretch out porta, portae (F) gate, entrance porto, portare, portavi, portatus to carry portus, portus (M) harbor posco, poscere, poposci, ---- to beg, demand possideo, possidere, possedi, possessum to occupy, hold as property possum, posse, potui, ---- to be able, can, have power post after, behind post afterwards, after, behind postea afterwards posterus, postera, posterum next, following postquam after postremum after all, finally, for the last time postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum to demand, claim potens, potentis able, powerful, mighty, strong potentia, potentiae (F) power, capacity potestas, potestatis (F) power, control potior, potiri, potitus sum to take power of (+abl.) potis or pote, potior, potissimus having the power, able poto, potare, potavi, potatum to drink prae in front of, before praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitus to offer, provide praeceps, praecipitis headlong, steep praecipito, -cipitare, -cipitavi, -cipitatum to throw headlong, rush headlong praeda, praedae (F) booty, spoil praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus to bring (place) before, to prefer praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus to make before (at the head of), put in command of praemium, praemii (N) reward, prize praesens, praesentis present praesidium, praesidii (N) protection, stronghold praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitus to excel, exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish praesum, praeesse, praefui, ---- to be before (at the head of), be in command of praeter besides, except, beyond, past praeterea besides, moreover praetereo, praeterire, praeteri(v)i, praeteritum to pass by, escape one's knowledge praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum to let pass praeut like as, according as pratum, prati (N) meadow precor, precari, precatus sum to beg, request prehendo, prehendere, prehendi, prehensum to lay hold of, seize premo, premere, pressi, pressus to press, press upon, press hard, pursue pretium, pretii (N) price, value prex, precis (F) prayer, request pri, prior, primus before prima luce at the first light, at daybreak primo at first, at the beginning primus, prima, primum first, foremost, chief, principal princeps, principis (M/F) leader, emperor princeps, principis chief, foremost principium, principii (N) beginning priscus, prisca, priscum former, ancient pristinus, pristina, pristinum ancient, former, previous prius before, previously priusquam/prius…quam before privo, privare, privavi, privatum to deprive, rob (+abl.) pro in front of, for, on behalf of, instead of, in return for probitas, probitatis (F) uprightness, honesty probo, probare, probavi, probatus to test, approve, recommend procul in the distance, far from procumbo, procumbere, procubui, procubitum to sink down, fall prostrate prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum to thrust forward, publish, betray prodsum, prodesse, profui, --- to be useful proelium, proelii (N) battle profero, proferre, protuli, prolatum to carry out, produce, offer proficio, proficere, profeci, profectum to advance proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum to set forth, set out, start profugus, profuga, profugum fugitive, banished, exiled profundus, profunda, profundum extending far, deep progredior, progredi, progressus sum to go forth, advance, proceed prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus to keep from, prohibit, prevent, hinder, restrain proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectum to fling forth, extend forward proinde therefore proles, prolis (F) offspring, progeny promitto, promittere, promisi, promissus to send forth, promise pronuntio, pronunitare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatus to proclaim, announce, declaim, pronounce pronus, prona, pronum leaning forward, leaning toward the ground prope near propero, properare, properavi, properatus to hasten propinquus (propior, proximus) near, related propono, proponere, proposui, propositum to put forth, display proprius, propria, proprium one's own propter on account of, because of propterea quod for this reason…that prora, prorae (F) the forepart of a ship, prow prosperus, prospera, prosperum according to one's hopes, successful prospicio, prospicere, prospexi, prospectum to look out, look out for, watch prosum, prodesse, profui, ---- to be useful, do good, benefit, profit (+dat) protinus immediately prout like as, according as provideo, providere, providi, provisum to foresee (+acc.), to provide for (dat. of person) provincia, provinciae (F) province proximus, proxima, proximum nearest, next pubes, pubis (F) signs of manhood; group of young males publico, publicare, publicavi, publicatum to make public, make known publicus, publica, publicum public pudet, pudere, puduit, (puditum est) it shames pudicus, pudica, pudicum modest, chaste pudor, pudoris (M) sense of shame, decency puella, puellae (F) girl puer, pueri (M) boy, child pugna, pugnae (F) battle, fight pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus to fight (with) (with cum + abl) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsome, fine pulso, pulsare, pulsavi, pulsatum to keep hitting, hammer pulvis, pulveris (M/F) dust puppis, puppis (F) stern of a ship, poop; part pro toto: ship purpureus, purpurea, purpureum "purple", red purus, pura, purum free from dirt, pure puto, putare, putavi, putatus to think, reckon, suppose, judge, clean, trim qua how, by what way, insofar as qua…qua on the one hand…on the other hand quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus to look for, search for, seek, ask, strive for quaeso, quaesumus I, we beg ="please!" qualis, quale of what kind, what kind of quam ob rem on account of which thing, for what reason, why quam primum as soon as possible quam how quam than (used in comparisons) quamdiu how long quamlibet however much quamquam although quamvis although quando when, since quando when, since quandoquidem since indeed, inasmuch as quantumlibet however much quantumvis however much quantus, quanta, quantum how much, how great, how large quapropter wherefore, whence, why? quare by what means, why, and therefore, wherefore quartus, quarta, quartum fourth quasi as if, as it were quatio, quatere, ---, quassum to shake quattuor four quattuordecim fourteen que and, also, even queo, quire, quivi/quii, quitum to be able, can querela, querelae (F) lament, complaint queror, queri, questus sum to complain, lament qui, quae, quod which, what qui, quae, quod who, which, that quia because quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque whoever, whatever quidam, quaedam, quiddam a certain one, a certain thing quidam, quaedam, quiddam certain quidem indeed, certainly, at least, even quies, quietis (F) rest, repose, quiet life quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quietum to rest (intrans.) quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet anyone/anything at all quin but that, that not, indeed, in fact quindecim fifteen quinque five quintus, quinta, quintum fifth quippe certainly quippe since indeed, inasmuch as quique, quaeque, quodque each, every quis, quid who, what quisquam, quidquam/quicquam someone, something, anyone, anything (w/ neg.) quisque, quidque/quicque each one, each thing, every one, every thing quisquis, quidquid whoever, whatever quo (+subj) so that, in order that quo modo in what way, how quo (to) where quoad as long as, as far as, until quod si but if quod because quominus by which the less, that not quomodo how? quondam formerly, once quoniam since, inasmuch as quoque also, too quot how many, as many as quotiens how often? rabies, rabiei (F)+A1383 ferocity, frenzy radius, radii (M) rod, ray ramus, rami (M) branch, bough rapidus, rapida, rapidum fast, vehement rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus to seize, snatch, carry away, rob rarus, rara, rarum scattered, infrequent, scarce ratio, rationis (F) reckoning, account, reason, judgment, manner ratis, ratis (F) timbers, raft recedo, recedere, recessi, recessum to fall back, give ground recens, recentis lately done, fresh recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus to take back, regain, recover, admit, receive recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatus to read aloud, recite recludo. recludere, reclusi, reclusum to disclose, reveal recognosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus to recognize, recollect recreo, recreare, recreavi, recreatus to restore, revive, refresh, cheer rectus, recta, rectum straight, right recuso, recusare, recusavi, recusatus to refuse reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum to give back, render redeo, redire, redii, reditus to return, go back reditus, reditus (M) return reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductum to lead back, restore refero, referre, rettuli, relatus to carry back, bring back, repeat, answer, report refert, referre, retulit it is of importance reficio, reficere, refexi, refectum to restore regina, reginae (F) queen regius, regia, regium royal, regal regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum to rule, reign regnum, regni (N) realm, kingdom rego, regere, rexi, rectus to rule, guide, direct religio, religionis (F) religious awe, reverence, integrity, sanctity relinquo, relinquere, relinqui, relictus to leave behind, abandon, desert reliquus, reliqua, reliquum remaining, rest of remaneo, remanere, remansi, remansus to remain, stay (behind), abide, continue remedium, remedii (N) cure, remedy remissio, remissionis (F) letting go, release, relaxation remitto, remittere, remisi, remissum to let go back, forgive removeo, removere, removi, remotus to remove, take away, set aside remus, remi (M) oar reor, reri, ratus sum to reckon repente suddenly reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus to find, discover, learn get repeto, repetere, repetivi (-ii), repetitum to demand back, repeat reprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensum to reproach requiesco, requiescere, requievi, requietus to rest requiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitus to seek, ask for, miss, need, require res publica, rei publicae (F) state, republic, commonwealth res, rei (F) thing, matter, affair, situation, business rescribo, rescribere, rescripsi, rescriptum to write back resido, residere, resedi, --- to sit down, fall back resisto, resistere, restiti, --- to halt, remain fixed, stand in the way resono, resonare, resonavi, --- to echo, ring with respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum to look back, be mindful of, consider respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsus to answer restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum to restore retego, retegere, retexi, retectus to uncover, reveal retineo, retinere, retinui, retentum to hold back retro backward reus, rei (M) defendant reverto, revertere, reverti, reversus to turn back revoco, revocare, revocavi, revocatum to call back rex, regis (M) king rideo, ridere, risi, risus to laugh (at) ridiculus, ridicula, ridiculum laughable, ridiculous rigeo, rigere, ---, --- to be stiff, unbending rigidus, rigida, rigidum stiff rigor, rigoris (M) stiffness, frostiness, severity ripa, ripae (F) bank, shore rivus, rivi (M) stream, brook robur, roboris (N) hard-wood, firmness, strength rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus to ask (for) rogus, rogi (M) and rogum, rogi (N) funeral pyre Roma, Romae (F) Rome Romanus, Romana, Romanum Roman rosa, rosae (F) rose rota, rotae (F) wheel rubeo, rubere, ---, --- to be red, to become red ruber, rubra, rubrum red rudis, rude still in its natural state, rough, crude ruina, ruinae (F) fall, downfall, ruin, destruction rumor, rumoris (M) rumor, gossip rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum to break (trans.) ruo, ruere, rui, rutus to fall, go to ruin, rush rupes, rupis (F) rock, cliff rursus again rus, ruris (N) country (as opposed to city), countryside rusticor, rusticari, rusticatus sum to live in the country rusticus, rustica, rusticum belonging to the country, rural, rustic sacer, sacra, sacrum consecrated, sacred sacerdos, sacerdotis (M) priest sacro, sacrare, sacravi, sacratum to set apart as sacred, consecrate sacrum, sacri (N) holy place, temple saec(u)lum, saec(u)li (N) age, era saepe often saepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptum to fence in saevio, saevire, saevii, saevitum to be violent, rage saevus, saeva, saevum cruel sagitta, sagittae (F)+A827 arrow sal, salis (M) salt, wit salio, salire, salui, ---- to jump saltem at least saltus, saltus (M) woodland region, mountain pass salus, salutis (F) health, safety salutem dicere to say hello, greet saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum to greet, wish health salve, salvete hello, greetings salveo, salvere, ----, ---- to be well, be in good health salvus, salva, salvum safe, sound sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctum to make sacred, decree sanguis, sanguinis (M) blood sanus, sana, sanum sound, healthy, sane sapiens, sapientis wise, judicious sapientia, sapientiae (F) wisdom sapio, sapere, sapivi, ---- to have good taste, have good sense, be wise satio, satiare, satiavi, satiatus to satisfy, sate satis enough, sufficient satis enough, sufficiently sator, satoris (M) sower, planter, begetter, father, founder satura, saturae (F) satire saxum, saxi (N) rock, stone scando, scandere, scandi, ---- to climb scelero, scelerare, ---, sceleratum to pollute, defile scelus, sceleris (N) wicked deed, crime, wickedness sceptrum, sceptri (N) royal staff scientia, scientiae (F) knowledge scilicet evidently, of course scindo, scindere, scidi, scissum to tear, split scio, scire, scivi, scitus to know scopulus, scopuli (M) a projecting point of rock, crag, ledge scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus to write, compose scriptor, scriptoris (M) writer, author se recipere to withdraw, take oneself seco, secare, secui, sectum to cut secretus, secreta, secretum set apart, confidential secundum next to, along, according to secundus, secunda, secundum second, favorable securis, securis (F) axe, hatchet securus, secura, securum (cf. cura) carefree, untroubled, negligent sed tamen but yet, nevertheless sed but sedecim sixteen sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessus to sit sedes, sedis (F) seat seges, segitis (F) field of corn, crop segnis, segnis, segne slow, sluggish, slothful semel once, once and for all, simultaneously semen, seminis (N) seed semper always senatus, senatus (M) senate senectus, senectutis (F) old age senex, senis old, aged sensus, sensus (M) sensation, feeling, sense sententia, sententiae (F) feeling, thought, opinion, vote, sentence sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus to feel, perceive, think, experience sepelio, sepelire, sepeli(v)i, sepultum to bury septem seven septendecim seventeen septimus, septima, septimum seventh sepulcrum, sepulcri (N) tomb, grave sequor, sequi, secutus sum to follow sereno, serenare, serenavi, serenatus to make clear, brighten, cheer up, soothe serenus, serena, serenum serene, calm sermo, sermonis (M) talk, conversation, discourse sero late, too late sero, serere, serui, satum to sow, plant, put in a row serpens, serpentis (M/F) snake serpo, serpere, serpsi, --- to move in prone position, creep, crawl serus, sera, serum late, too late serva, servae (F) slave servio, servire, servivi (-ii), servitus to be a slave to, serve (+dat) servitium, servitii (N) slavery, bondage servitus, servitutis (F) slavery, servitude servo, servare, servavi, servatus to save, preserve, rescue, keep, guard servus, servi (M) slave seu, sive or if, be it seu…seu whether…or severus, severa, severum strict sex six sextus, sexta, sextum sixth si modo if only, provided that si quando if ever si quidem since indeed, inasmuch as si if sic so, in this way, thus siccus, sicca, siccum dry sicut just as sicut just as sido, sidere, sidi, --- to sit down, subside sidus, sideris (N) constellation, star, heaven significo, significare, significavi, significatum to make signs, show signo, signare, signavi, signatum to mark, seal, portend signum, signi (N) signal, sign, indication, seal silentium, silentii (N) silence sileo, silere, silui, ---- to be silent silva, silvae (F) woodland, forest, matter similis, simile like, similar (to), resembling (+gen or dat) simplex, simplicis (< semel + -plex) one-fold, plain, uncomplicated simul ac (or atque) as soon as simul as soon as simul at the same time, together simulacrum, simulacri (N) likeness, representation, statue simulo, simulare, simulavi, simulatum to pretend, simulate sin if not, unless, but if sine without singuli, singulae, singula one apiece, individual sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left, harmful, ill-omened sino, sinere, sivi, situm to let, allow sinus, sinus (M) curve, bosom, bay sisto, sistere, ste/iti, statum to cause to stand, stand sitis, sitis (F) thirst situs, situs (M) position sive…sive whether…or socer, soceri (M) father-in-law socius, socia, socium allied socius, socii (M) ally sol, solis (M) sun solacium, solacii (N) comfort, relief soleo, solere, solitus sum to be accustomed, be customary solidus, solida, solidum not hollow, firm solitudo, solitudinis (F) solitariness, loneliness sollers, sollertis skilled, expert sollicitus, sollicita, sollicitum (<sollus + cieo) thoroughly moved, agitated, disturbed solum, soli (M) bottom, floor, soil solus, sola, solum alone, only solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus to loosen, free, untie somnium, somnii (N) dream somnus,somni (M) sleep, dream sonitus, sonitus (M) noise, sound sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum to make a sound sonus, soni (M) noise, sound soror, sororis (F) sister sors, sortis (F) lot, destiny sortior, sortiri, sortitus sum to draw lots, divide spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus to scatter, sprinkle, distribute spatium, spatii (N) track, area, interval species, speciei (F) appearance specio, specere, spexi, spectus to see, observe specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatus to look at, see speculum, speculi (N) mirror sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretum to scorn spero, sperare, speravi, speratus to hope (for) spes, spei (F) hope spiritus, spiritus (M) breath, breathing, spirit, soul spiro, spirare, spiravi, spiratum to breathe spolio, spoliare, spoliavi, spoliatum to strip, deprive, plunder spolium, spolii (N) hide, stripped armor, booty spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum to promise, avow spons, spontis (F) will, volition spumo, spumare, spumavi. spumatum foam, froth statim immediately statua, statuae (F) statue statuo, statuere, statui, statutum to cause to stand, set up stella, stellae (F) star, planet sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum to spread out stirps, stirpis (F) stock, root sto, stare, steti, status to stand, stand still, stand firm stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictum to touch upon, draw (sword) struo, struere, struxi, structum to pile up, build studeo, studere, studui, ---- to be zealous, study, be eager for (+dat) studiosus, studiosa, stodiosum fond of, partial to, studious (+gen) studium, studii (N) enthusiasm, zeal, eagerness, pursuit, study stultus, stulta, stultum foolish stupeo, stupere, stupui, ---- to be struck senseless suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum to advise, urge (+dat.) suavis, suave sweet sub under, up under, close to subdo, subdere, subdidi, subditum to palce under, subject subeo, subire, subii, subitum to go under, take upon o.s. subicio, subiecere, subieci, subiectum to place under, lay before subito suddenly sublimis, sublime elevated, lofty, heroic, noble subrideo, subridere, subrisi, subrisus to smile (down) upon succedo, succedere, successi, successum to go from come under, take the place of suesco, suescere, suevi, suetum to become accustomed to sui (gen) (no nominative) himself, herself, itself, themselves sum, esse, fui, futurus to be, exist summus, summa, summum highest, top (of) sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum to take super over, above (direction or location) superbus, superba, superbum arrogant, overbearing, haughty, proud superi, superorum (M pl) the gods above supero, superare, superavi, superatus to overcome, conquer, be above, surpass supersum, superesse, superfui, ---- to be left over, survive superus, supera, superum above, upper supplex, supplicis suppliant, humble supra above surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus to get up, arise suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus to undertake suspendo, suspendere, suspendi, suspensus to hand up, suspend, interrupt suspicio, suspicere, suspexi, suspectum to look up, suspect suspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum to mistrust, suspect sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentus to support, maintain suus, sua, suum his own, her own, its own, their own Syracusae, Syracusarum (F pl) Syracuse t(h)us, t(h)uris (N) incense taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitus to be (or keep) silent, leave unmentioned taeda, taedae (F) torch taedet, taedere, taeduit, (taesum est) it bores, it disgusts talis, tale such, of such a sort talis…qualis such…as tam so, to such a degree tam…quam so…as, as…as tamen nevertheless, still tametsi even if tamquam as if, as it were tandem at last, at length tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum to touch tantum only tantus, tanta, tantum so much, so great, so large, of such a size tantus…quantus/ quantus…tantus as (so) much…as (so) great…as tardus, tarda, tardum slow, late taurus, tauri (M) bull tectum, tecti (N) roof, house tego, tegere, texi, tectus to cover, conceal tellus, telluris (F) earth, land telum, teli (N) missile, javelin tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum to restrain oneself, to regulate tempestas, tempestatis (F) weather, storm, season, period of time templum, templi (N) temple tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatus to try, attempt tempus, temporis (N) time, period, season, occasion, opportunity tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum to stretch, aim at tenebrae, tenebrarum (F) darkness teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus to hold, keep, possess, restrain tener, tenera, tenerum tender, delicate tenuis, tenue thin ter three times, thrice tergum, tergi (N) back tero, terere, trivi, tritum to rub, grind, wear away terra, terrae (F) earth, land, ground, country terreo, terrere, terrui, territus to frighten, alarm, terrify terror, terroris (M) something that inspires fear, fear tertius, tertia, tertium third testis, testis (M/F) (lit.: third party), witness thalamus or thalamos, thalami (M) inner room, bedchamber, marriage timeo, timere, timui, ---- to fear, be afraid (of) timidus, timida, timidum fearful timor, timoris (M) fear, dread tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctum to wet, imbue, colour titulus, tituli (M) inscription, heading tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratus to bear, endure tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus to raise, lift up, take away, remove, destroy torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum to turn, torment torreo, torrere, torrui, tostum to scorch, parch torus, tori (M) thong, moulding, muscle, bolster, bed tot so many tot…quot/quot…tot as many…as totidem as many totiens so often totus, tota, totum all, whole, entire tracto, tractare, tractavi, tractatum to drag, practise, treat trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus to hand over, betray, surrender, hand down traho, trahere, traxi, tractus to draw, drag, derive traicio, traicere, traieci, traiectum to propel across, pierce trans across, on the other side of transeo, transire, transii, transitus to go across, cross, pass over, ignore transfero, transferre, transtuli, translatum to carry across, translate transitus, transitus (M) passing over, transit, transition tredecim thirteen tremo, tremere, tremui, --- to quake, quiver trepido, trepidare, trepidavi, trepidatum to bustle with alarm, be in confusion trepidus, trepida, trepidum restless, agitated tres, tria three tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributum to assign, allot tristis, triste sad, sorrowful, joyless, grim, severe triumphus, triumphi (M) victory procession, triumph Troia, Troiae (F) Troy tu, tui you tueor, tueri, (tutus safe ) to watch, protect tum/tunc then, at that time, thereupon, in the next place tum…tum both…and, not only…but also tumeo, tumere, tumui, --- to swell, be swollen tumidus, tumida, tumidum swollen, puffed up tumultus, tumulti (M) commotion, disturbance tumulus, tumuli (M) a heap of earth, mound, hill, hillock tunc then, at that time turba, turbae (F) crowd, uproar, disturbance, mob, multitude turbo, turbare, turbavi, turbatum to disturb, trouble turbo, turbinis (M) whirlwind, storm turpis, turpe foul, ugly, shameful, base, disgraceful turris, turris (F) tower tutus, tuta, tutum safe tuus, tua, tuum your, yours, your own (singular) tyrannus, tyranni (M) absolute ruler, tyrant uber, uberis producing much nourishment, plentiful, rich ubi primum as soon as ubi when ubi where, when ubique everywhere, anywhere, wherever ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum to take revenge, punish ullus, ulla, ullum any ulterius farther ulterius later ultimus, ultima, ultimum farthest, last, extreme, final ultor, ultoris (M) avenger ultr? beyond ultr? on the other side of umbra, umbrae (F) shadow umeo, umere, ---, --- to be damp, be wet umerus, umeri (M) upper arm, shoulder umquam ever, at any time un? together, at the same time unda, undae (F) wave unde from where, whence, from what place undecim eleven undecimus, undecima, undecimum eleventh undeviginti nineteen undique from every quarter, all around ung(u)o, ung(u)ere, unxi, unctum to grease, anoint unguis, unguis (M) finger-nail unicus, unica, unicum one and only, having no match, unique universus, universa, universum entire, whole unus, una, unum one, alone, single urbanus, urbana, urbanum of the city, urban, urbane, elegant urbs, urbis (F) city urgeo, urgere, ursi, ---- to impel, urge urna, urnae (F) urn uro, urere, ussi, ustum to burn (trans.) usque dum while, as long as, until usque all the way, up (to), even (to), continuously usus, usus (M) use, advantage, enjoyment ut (+ indicative) as, when ut (+ subjunctive) in order that, so that, that, in order to, so as to, to ut ne (+ subj) lest, that not, in order that not ut pote since indeed, inasmuch as ut primum as soon as ut si as if uter, utra, utrum which (of two), either uterque, utraque, utrumque each of two utilis, utile useful, beneficial, advantageous utilitas, utilitatis (F) usefulness, effectiveness utinam I wish!, would that!, if only! utor, uti, usus sum to use, enjoy, experience (+abl) utrum whether utrum…an (non) whether…or (not) utrum…an whether…or utrum…necne whether…or not uxor, uxoris (F) wife vaco, vacare, vacavi, vacatum to be empty vacuus, vacuus, vacumm empty, free from vado, vadere, vasi, (vasurus) to walk, go vadum, vadi (N) ford, bottom of the sea, waters vae alas, woe to vagor, vagari, vagatus sum to wander, roam vagus, vaga, vagum wandering, shifting, inconstant vale, valete good-bye, farewell valeo, valere, valui, valitus to be strong, have power, be well validus, valida, validum strong, healthy valles, vallis (F) valley vanus, vana, vanum hollow, unreliable varius, varia, varium diverse, manifold, mottled vasto, vastare, vastavi, vastatum to lay waste vastus, vasta, vastum empty, desolate, enormous vates, vatis (M/F) soothsayer, prophet vehemens, vehementis violent, strong veho, vehere, vexi, vectum to move, drive (trans.) vel or vel, -ve or (for not mutually exclusive alternatives) vel…vel either…or vela dare to set sail vello, vellere, vulsi, vulsum to pluck, pull out velo, velare, velavi, velatum to cover, wrap velox, velocis swift, rapid velum, veli (N) cloth, covering, sail velut si as if velut even as, like, as if vena, venae (F) blood-vessel, vein vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditus to sell venenum, veneni (N) poison veneror, venerari, veneratus sum to worship, pay homage venia, veniae (F) indulgence, favor, kindness venio, venire, veni, ventus to come venor, venari, venatus sum to hunt, go hunting venter, ventris (M) belly ventus, venti (M) wind ver, veris (N)+A1318 (season of) spring verbena, verbenae (F) leafy branch (used in rituals) verbera, verberorum (N pl) instrument for flogging, blows verbum, verbi (N) word vere truly, indeed, in truth, to be sure vereor, vereri, veritus sum to reverence, fear, dread, respect veritas, veritatis (F) truth vernus, verna, vernum occurring in the spring, vernal vero in truth verro, verrere, ----, ---- to sweep verso, versare, versavi, versatum to turn often, keep turning versor, versari, versatus sum to move about in a place versus toward versus, versus (M) line of verse vertex, verticis (M) head, top, summit, whirlpool, whirlwind verto, vertere, verti, versus to turn, change verum tamen but yet, nevertheless verum on the contrary verus, vera, verum true, real, proper vesica, vesicae (F) bladder vesper, vesperis (M) evening, evening star vester, vestra, vestrum you, yours, your own (plural) vestigium, vestigii (N) foot-print, trace vestis, vestis (F) garment, clothing veto, vetare, vetui, vetitus to forbid vetus, veteris old vetustas, vetustatis (F) old age, long duration vexo, vexare, vexavi, vexatum to buffet, harass via, viae (F) way, road, path, street vicina, vicinae (F) neighbor vicinus, vicina, vicinum neighbouring vicinus, vicini (M) neighbor vicis (gen.) (F) recurring occasion, part filled in rotation victor, victoris (M) conqueror victoria, victoriae (F) victory victrix, victricis (F) conqueress vicus, vici (M) block of houses, village video, videre, vidi, visus to see, (in passive = to seem, or be seen) videor, videri, visus sum to seem vieo, viere, ---, vietum to bend, twist (trans.) vigeo, vigere, vigui, --- to be physically or mentally active, thrive vigil, vigilis awake, watchful vigilo, vigilare, vigilavi, vigilatum to stay awake, keep watch viginti twenty vigor, vigoris (M) liveliness, activity, vigor vilis, vile cheap, worthless villa, villae (F) country house, farmhouse vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum to bind, fetter vinco, vincere, vici, victus to conquer, beat, overcome vinculum, vinculi (N) bond, chain, fetter vinum, vini (N) wine violo, violare, violavi, violatus to do violence to, break (an agreement, the law) vir, viri (M) man, hero vireo, virere, virui, --- to be green, strong virgo, virginis (F) maiden, virgin viridis, viride green, youthful virtus, virtutis (F) manliness, courage, excellence, virtue, worth virus, viri (N) slime, poison vis, vis; (pl) vires (F) force, power, violence, (pl) strength viso, visere, visi, --- to go and look, visit visus, visus (M) eye, look vita, vitae (F) life, mode of life vitis, vitis (F) grape-vine vitium, vitii (N) fault, crime, vice vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatus to avoid, shun vitta, vittae (F) fillet, headband vivo, vivere, vixi, victus to be alive, live vivus, viva, vivum alive, living vix hardly, scarcely vo/ertex, vo/erticis (M) (lit.: turning point), eddy, whirl, peak voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus to call, summon volo, velle, volui, ---- to wish, want, be willing volo, volare, volavi, volatum to fly volucer, volucris, volucre winged voluntas, voluntatis (F) will, wish voluptas, voluptatis (F) pleasure volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum to cause to revolve, roll vos, vestri, vos, vobis you votum, voti (N) vow voveo, vovere, vovi, votum to promise (to a god), pray vox, vocis (F) voice, word vu/olnus, vu/olneris (N) wound vulgo (adv.) publicly, commonly vulgus, -i (N, sometimes M) the common people, mob, rabble vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratus to wound vulnus, vulneris (N) wound vultus, vultus (M) countenance, face